Removal of fuel subsidy will help manufacturing firms switch to long-term sustainable practices, upgrade businesses, boost productivity -UNIDO study

Oredola Adeola

Full deregulation of the oil and gas downstream sector and total removal of the subsidy on Premium Motor Spirit(PMS) also known as petrol, will encourage manufacturing companies to switch to the kind of long-term sustainable efficiency practices, upgrade businesses, boost productivity, a new United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO- research has shown.

This was the outcome of the recently released UNIDO-led research carried out in collaboration with the World Bank, and obtained by EnergyDay.

The research was established based on firm-level data obtained from Oman, a country located in Western Asia on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.

EnergyDay gathered that government of Oman removed the subsidy in 2016, allowing the prices of petroleum products to fluctuate with global oil prices. The petrol prices rose quickly, leading to protests in February 2017 that made the government introduce the cap which was later removed.

The UNIDO paper, Switching it up: The effect of energy price reforms in Oman, is the first to look at the impact of fuel prices on the manufacturing sector, tracking developments in companies between 2012 and 2017 through the Omani Annual Industrial Survey.

A new UNIDO-led study conducted on data from Oman, provided clear information from over 3,600 manufacturing firms on the type of measures taken to cope with the rise in fuel prices resulting from a subsidy reform.

According to the data studied by the UNIDO’s research team, higher fuel prices drive business upgrading, leading to a boost in productivity.

The research showed that subsidy removal could also encourage manufacturing companies to switch to the kind of long-term sustainable efficiency practices needed to stop climate change.

It said, “There is no shortage of evidence on why governments should ditch fossil fuel subsidies. Artificially low prices prompt increased consumer demand and so more environmentally harmful fuels are produced, adding to air pollution and CO2 emissions.

“Subsidies also deter industry from putting energy efficiency measures in place and may delay moves to invest in more efficient machinery, which could harm long-term industrial competitiveness. From an economic welfare point of view, they misallocate public funds that could be better directed for social or other economic use.

“Yet, globally government support for carbon-based industries still runs into hundreds of billions of dollars. If externalities such as pollution and climate change are included, the true cost comes in at over $5 trillion (IMF).

“The dramatic drop in oil prices in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic handed cash-strapped governments the perfect opportunity to act. But, so far, progress remains too slow, and some countries that embarked on reform over the past year already appear to be backtracking.

“This is because, despite the enormous environmental and economic costs of retaining fossil fuel subsidies, removing them remains politically tricky.

“In many oil-rich economies, these subsidies translate into a cash transfer to consumers and businesses alike. For consumers, especially those in low-income households, the guarantee of cheap prices at the pump is often seen as a necessary and welcome state benefit when the provision of essential services such as health and education is lacking.

“For industry, which is frequently handed an even more generous subsidy on fuel, the belief persists that high energy costs will hurt competitiveness.

“Profit-maximizing firms worry that any hike would hit their bottom line; more expensive energy inputs mean performance suffers and competitiveness falls, or so the argument goes.

“In industrializing countries, where access to competitively priced energy is seen as key to industrial growth and vital in sectors looking to access tough global markets, the idea is particularly hard to sell.

“This view is held more fiercely in manufacturing, where energy often represents a sizable slice of overall production costs. The damage done by the current crisis has done nothing to dampen such concerns.

“The issue goes to the heart of a question that has long vexed economists: is there a trade-off between environmental regulation and economic performance? Will allowing energy prices to reflect their true cost harm the competitiveness of firms?

“As far back as the 1990s, the Porter Hypothesis challenged the generally accepted idea that there is a clear trade-off, arguing that environmental regulation resulting in higher fuel prices would not necessarily damage the ability of businesses to compete. Instead, industries may compensate for the higher costs through innovation and upgrading, which could improve their long-term competitiveness,” the study emphasised.

The research also confirmed that to date there has been a lack of country studies providing solid, empirical evidence at the firm level to show how industries deal with higher energy costs, and whether they are able to successfully absorb them without losing competitiveness.

However, UNIDO-led research in Oman further empirically demonstrated that higher fuel prices, far from harming the competitiveness of firms, in fact, improve their productivity and efficiency.

The report further noted that after the removal of subsidy for petrol, the value of the subsidies fell from $1.1 billion in 2014 to $54 million in 2017, helping to shore up dwindling state coffers.

It said, “The reforms were accompanied by government programmes to help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve efficiency and sustainability, including support for a digital transformation.

“Results indicate that the rise in fuel prices led to improvements in productivity and efficiency as firms switched to digital technology and information and communications technology (ICT) equipment. For example, according to the data, a 10 percent rise in fuel prices led to an increase in labour productivity of 4.1 to 4.6 percent,” the study showed.

The report revealed that globally, almost 45 percent of the energy consumed by industry is energy produced by fossil fuels for industrial processes, such as the generation of heat for drying, melting, and cracking, only about 20 percent consists of electricity.

In Oman, the research found that firms responded to the price hike by switching from fossil fuels to electricity. Results showed that a 10 percent rise in fuel prices led to a 4.7 percent rise in the quantity of electricity used and a 3.6 percent drop in the amount of fossil fuels used.

These changes resulted from firms, using fuel more efficiently; investing in computers and electronic devices to improve energy management and optimizing the use of inputs, and further replacing their fuel-powered electricity generators with a connection to a modern electricity grid.

UNIDO’s research team emphasised that the empirical evidence gathered in Oman, chimed with another recent UNIDO-World Bank study on Indonesia and Mexico, which found that an increase in fuel prices generated a drop in fuel consumption and an increase in electricity usage.

The researchers, therefore, noted that that pattern was the result of firms replacing obsolete fuel-powered capital equipment with more productive electricity-powered capital equipment.

The report said,”Oman, between 1990 and 2018, saw a strong increase in consumption of fuels (natural gas and oil products) with weak growth in electricity consumption suggesting that higher fuel prices could trigger an untapped potential of greater electricity penetration.

The UNIDO in the findings, signalled a potential way ahead for other oil economies in the Middle East and beyond, suggesting that policymakers need not shy away from bold action for fear of negative economic consequences, especially at a time when many are struggling to find resources to fight the pandemic.

On the contrary, the study lends more power to the Porter Hypothesis, bolstering the argument that axing fuel subsidies would encourage plant modernization and help to remove price impediments against the adoption of green technologies and efficiency measures needed to permanently reduce CO2 emissions.

The study also confirmed that for the global community to meet their emissions targets, fuel prices must be allowed to move towards their market level to create the business environment needed for speedier adoption of green energy.

The report also stated that the Omani government in its latest submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), acknowledged that there is untapped potential in renewable electricity,” the research findings showed.

UNIDO, therefore, emphasised that the empirical evidence from Oman showed the direction other countries should take.

It further confirmed that kicking the subsidy habit for good will help the country involved finally create the competitive and sustainable industries needed to fight the negative economic impacts of the pandemic and to build a long-term recovery.